If the nest is more than 20 feet from doorways, play areas, and outdoor eating spots — and no one in the household is allergic — leaving the colony alone is often the right call. Wasps are effective predators of caterpillars and other garden pests, and the colony dies off in October anyway. If the nest is near daily traffic or someone is allergic, treat it or hire a pro.

Dusk or before dawn, when wasps are back in the nest, cold, and sluggish. Wear long sleeves, long pants, closed shoes, and eye protection. Use a spray with a range of at least 15 feet, aim at the entry hole, empty the can if the nest is large, and retreat immediately. Wait 24 hours before removing the nest itself.

Call a pro if anyone in the household has a sting allergy, the nest is larger than a softball, it’s above ladder height or inside a wall/chimney/attic, it’s a yellow jacket ground nest, a previous treatment failed, or it’s a bald-faced or European hornet nest. A single-nest removal typically runs $150–$400.

In the northern US, colonies die off with the first hard freeze — typically late October or November. In the South, activity can continue into December. Only newly mated queens survive winter, hidden in wood piles, attics, and leaf litter. The nest itself is empty by winter and almost never reused the following year.

Pheromone traces from a previous nest attract new queens the following spring, and the location itself may be ideal — sheltered, warm, near water and food. Scrub the site with soapy water, repaint it, and physically block access with caulk, foam, or hardware cloth in early spring before queens arrive.

Look at the waist and surface. Wasps are slim and shiny with a clear pinched waist and fly fast and direct; bees and bumblebees are fuzzy, rounded, and move slowly flower to flower. Never spray a bee — protected pollinators should be relocated by a beekeeper, not killed.